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Who really said it

The customer is always right

Not Selfridge — the earliest record credits Marshall Field Marshall Field 1834–1906 · Chicago department-store magnate (tentative originator)
Disputed Free to reuse

The slogan is popularly pinned on Harry Gordon Selfridge, but its earliest documented appearance — September 1905 newspaper articles in Boston — credits the Chicago retailer Marshall Field, in whose store Selfridge worked his way up from stock boy to partner. Quote Investigator ↗ tentatively ascribes the adage to Field while stressing it is not certain he coined it; Selfridge is one of several retailers who later spread the phrase, not its proven author.

Last verified 16 Jul 2026 · how we verify · spot an error?

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Disputed credit — copy with the correction

“The customer is always right” Not coined by Harry Gordon Selfridge. The earliest documented use of "the customer is always right" (Boston newspapers, September 1905) credits Chicago retailer Marshall Field, and Quote Investigator calls the true origin uncertain. Selfridge — Field's former employee — helped popularize the slogan in London but is not its proven author.

The slide-ready mistake: crediting this to Harry Gordon Selfridge. Use the credit shown above instead.

Can you use it?

Free to use, including in commercial and paid presentations — no permission or licence needed.

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In context

Evoking the world of Marshall Field — Chicago department-store magnate; mentor to Harry Gordon Selfridge. Theme: "The customer is always right". Atmospheric and restrained, cinematic directional light, a muted period-appropriate palette, fine grain and texture. Compose with generous empty space for the quote and a small credit line. No lettering in the image itself.

Minimalist

Minimalist editorial slide for the quote "The customer is always right". Clean background, a single muted accent color, generous negative space, subtle paper or linen texture, no literal illustration — let the words carry it. Reserve clear space for a serif quote and a small credit line. No lettering in the image itself.

Provenance

Where the phrase actually comes from

Earliest record
Boston newspapers, September 1905
Credited to
Marshall Field (tentative, per Quote Investigator)
Popular claim
Coined by Harry Gordon Selfridge — unsupported
Precursor
“A client is always right,” an “old saying,” 1884

“Broadly speaking, Mr. Field adheres to the theory that ‘the customer is always right.’” 1905, Boston press

Verbatim from the September 1905 Boston Sunday Herald / Boston Daily Globe article on Marshall Field, as reproduced by Quote Investigator.

Quote Investigator: The Customer Is Always Right

How we verified this

  • The earliest close match is a September 1905 article about Chicago’s Marshall Field, which said he adhered to the theory that “the customer is always right,” per Quote Investigator ↗.
  • Wikipedia notes the phrase is variously credited to Marshall Field, his one-time employee Harry Gordon Selfridge, and John Wanamaker — with no proof of who coined it (Wikipedia ↗).
  • A legal precursor, “a client is always right,” appears as an “old saying” in an 1884 text, showing the pattern predates the retail slogan (Quote Investigator ↗).
Public domain

Short commercial slogans of this kind are not eligible for copyright, and this one has appeared in the printed record since 1905 — well before the 1931 U.S. cutoff — with no single identifiable copyrighted work as its source. It is free to quote.

Rights status is our research, not legal advice — and copyright varies by country and edition. For commercial or published use, confirm with the rightsholder. See terms.

Fact-check

The misattribution

“The customer is always right” is a genuine early-1900s retail slogan, but pinning its authorship on Harry Gordon Selfridge overstates the evidence. The earliest record points elsewhere, and the true origin is honestly uncertain.

Harry Gordon Selfridge popularizer, not coiner

Selfridge is widely named as the source, but the phrase’s earliest documented use (September 1905) credits Marshall Field — in whose Chicago store Selfridge rose from stock boy to partner — and predates Selfridge’s own London store, which opened in 1909. He helped spread the motto, but no primary source shows he coined it (Quote Investigator ↗).

Marshall Field tentative source

Field is named in the 1905 articles and is tentatively credited by Quote Investigator, but even QI cautions he may have adopted the line rather than invented it — and one Field biographer argued his actual maxim was the longer “Assume the customer is right until it is plain beyond all question that he is not” (Wikipedia ↗).

John Wanamaker also credited

The Philadelphia retailer is another figure the slogan gets attached to, underscoring that it was a shared industry ethos, not one person’s coinage (Wikipedia ↗).

The honest verdict: a shared early-1900s retail motto whose earliest known record — September 1905, Boston press — credits Marshall Field. Quote Investigator ↗ says Field popularized the slogan and may have crafted it, but calls the chronology uncertain; Selfridge, Wanamaker and César Ritz all became attached to it afterwards.

Context

Why it caught on

The phrase captured a genuine revolution in retail. In an era when caveat emptor — “let the buyer beware” — governed shopping and misrepresentation was common, department-store pioneers like Marshall Field, Selfridge and Wanamaker made liberal returns and customer satisfaction a competitive weapon. The slogan advertised that new posture.

Its very usefulness as a motto is why it spread so fast and attached itself to so many famous names — and why, a century later, it is hard to say who said it first.

A shared industry ethos in search of an author.

The longer “real” version

A recurring claim is that the working policy was actually the more cautious “Assume the customer is right until it is plain beyond all question that he is not.” This hedged form — discussed on Wikipedia ↗ — suggests the snappy slogan is itself a compression of a more nuanced managerial rule.

Explore

Filed under

More provenance-checked quotes on the same theme, each with its reuse status.

Work Success

Go further

Dig deeper

Trusted places to keep pulling the thread — primary archives, fact-checks, and scholarship. We show how we used each one before you leave.

Quote Investigator: The Customer Is Always Rightquoteinvestigator.com

The authoritative origin investigation — 1905 earliest match, tentative Marshall Field attribution, 1884 precursor.
Wikipedia: The customer is always righten.wikipedia.org

Overview of the phrase, the Field/Selfridge/Wanamaker credit dispute, and the longer 'assume the customer is right' variant.
Harry Gordon Selfridgeen.wikipedia.org

Biography confirming Selfridge's rise at Marshall Field's and the 1909 opening of Selfridges, London.
Who First Said 'The Customer Is Always Right'?mentalfloss.com

Popular-history summary of the competing attributions and the phrase's retail context.
The Enigmatic Origins of 'The Customer Is Always Right'snopes.com

Fact-check treatment emphasizing the uncertainty around who coined the slogan.
Phrases.org.uk: meaning & originphrases.org.uk

Etymology reference noting the earliest attributions and the César Ritz 'le client n'a jamais tort' variant.

The author

About Marshall Field

Marshall Field

1834–1906 · Chicago department-store magnate; mentor to Harry Gordon Selfridge

Marshall Field built Chicago’s dominant department store and is the figure named in the earliest (1905) printed appearances of “the customer is always right.” He championed liberal returns and customer service at a time when caveat emptor ruled retail. Quote Investigator credits him with popularizing — and possibly crafting — the slogan, while cautioning that the true origin is uncertain and that he may have heard it from another retailer, or even from an angry customer, and decided to adopt it.

For writers & researchers

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The primary source (Boston press, 1905)

The Boston Sunday Herald, 3 September 1905, and The Boston Daily Globe, 24 September 1905, reporting on Marshall Field of Chicago; reproduced in Garson O’Toole, “The Customer Is Always Right,” Quote Investigator, 6 October 2015.

This verification page

Quotle.info. “Who really said ‘The customer is always right’?” Last verified 16 Jul 2026. https://quotle.info/who-said/the-customer-is-always-right/

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