1863 — Karl Marx, in a letter to Engels dated 9 April, writes of “days into which 20 years are compressed.” Quote Investigator cites the English translation published in Marx & Engels Collected Works, vol. 41 (1985), and notes the passage is neither concise nor close in wording.
1908 — In Adriaan Schade van Westrum’s novel The Devil, the character Jolan says: “There are years, centuries, in which nothing happens, and there are days, like yesterday, into which a whole lifetime is compressed.” This is the closest antecedent, and it was published while Lenin was alive.
1918 — Lenin’s real, documented version, from The Chief Task of Our Day: three sentences about days, months and weeks doing the work of decades. Thematically related; not the quote.
1991 — The poet Homero Aridjis tells the Christian Science Monitor: “There are centuries in which nothing happens and years in which centuries pass.” Snopes traces the line to his poem “Sefarad, 1492.”
2001 — George Galloway opens a Guardian column with the modern wording and hands it to Lenin. Within a month the US columnist Liz Smith is using it as an epigraph, credited the same way; The Scotsman follows in 2003.