Alexis de Tocqueville

1805–1859 · French political thinker, author of Democracy in America

Alexis de Tocqueville sailed for the United States in 1831 on a commission to study American prisons and came home with something far larger: De la démocratie en Amérique, published in two volumes in 1835 and 1840. His method was to watch American institutions closely enough to see where they would bend under pressure — which is why he is quoted, and misquoted, in every American constitutional crisis. His chapter on political jurisdiction is one of those pressure tests: he thought American impeachment was mild, and that its mildness was exactly what made it dangerous.

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