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Who really said it

Custom is a violent and treacherous schoolmistress

Written by Michel de Montaigne
Attribution status: Verified Reuse status: Free to reuse

The thought is Montaigne’s, from Of custom, and that we should not easily change a law received (Essays, Book I, Chapter XXII), and his French reads “Car c’est à la verité une violente et traistresse maistresse d’escole, que la coustume.” This exact English wording is Charles Cotton’s translation of 1685–86, edited by William Carew Hazlitt — confirmed verbatim in the Project Gutenberg text and on Wikisource.

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“Custom is a violent and treacherous schoolmistress” Michel de Montaigne, Essays, Book I, Ch. XXII, "Of custom, and that we should not easily change a law received," trans. Charles Cotton (1685–86), ed. W. C. Hazlitt. Verified at quotle.info · Verbatim: “For, in truth, custom is a violent and treacherous schoolmistress.”

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Provenance

The source, confirmed

Work
Essays, Book I, Chapter XXII — “Of custom, and that we should not easily change a law received”
First published
Essais, Book I, Bordeaux, 1580; this chapter was enlarged in the 1588 and 1595 editions
Translation
Charles Cotton, 1685–86; edited by William Carew Hazlitt, 1877
Original French
“Car c’est à la verité une violente et traistresse maistresse d’escole, que la coustume.”

He seems to me to have had a right and true apprehension of the power of custom, who first invented the story of a country-woman who, having accustomed herself to play with and carry a young calf in her arms, and daily continuing to do so as it grew up, obtained this by custom, that, when grown to be a great ox, she was still able to bear it. For, in truth, custom is a violent and treacherous schoolmistress. She, by little and little, slily and unperceived, slips in the foot of her authority, but having by this gentle and humble beginning, with the benefit of time, fixed and established it, she then unmasks a furious and tyrannic countenance, against which we have no more the courage or the power so much as to lift up our eyes. Essays, I.XXII

Cotton’s translation as printed in the Hazlitt-edited edition digitised by Project Gutenberg (“slily” is the edition’s spelling). Note the opening “For, in truth” and the calf-and-ox anecdote that quote sites almost always drop.

Wikisource: The Essays of Montaigne, Book I, Chapter XXII

How we verified this

  • Montaigne opens the chapter with a country-woman who carried a calf every day until she could carry the grown ox — and only then lands the line. The whole passage sits in the Wikisource text of Book I, Chapter XXII ↗.
  • In Montaigne’s own French the sentence runs “Car c’est à la verité une violente et traistresse maistresse d’escole, que la coustume” — see the French Wikisource text ↗, where the essay is numbered Chapter 23.
  • “Schoolmistress” is Charles Cotton’s word. Project Gutenberg’s digitisation of Volume 04 of the Cotton translation, edited by William Carew Hazlitt ↗, carries the sentence verbatim.
  • John Florio, translating into English in 1603, reached for a different adjective: his version ↗ reads “For truly Custome is a violent and deceiving schoole-mistris.”
Public domain

Montaigne’s Essais first appeared in 1580, and the Charles Cotton translation that supplies this exact English wording dates from 1685–86, edited by William Carew Hazlitt in 1877 — original and translation alike are long in the public domain in the United States, which is why Project Gutenberg distributes the text freely ↗. Be aware that a modern twentieth-century translation of the same sentence would carry its own translator’s copyright; the wording quoted on this page does not.

This reflects the original work, which is public domain. If your exact English wording comes from a specific modern translation, that translation may itself still be under copyright — check the edition you quote.

Rights status is our research, not legal advice — and copyright varies by country and edition. For commercial or published use, confirm with the rightsholder. See terms.

Fact-check

What actually goes wrong with this quote

Nobody steals this one from Montaigne — the attribution is solid. What travels wrong is the wording. The famous English sentence was written by a translator working roughly a century after Montaigne died, and at least two rival English versions are in circulation.

The wordingCharles Cotton, not Montaigne translation

Montaigne wrote “Car c’est à la verité une violente et traistresse maistresse d’escole, que la coustume” (French Wikisource ↗). “Violent and treacherous schoolmistress” is Cotton’s English choice, printed in the Hazlitt-edited edition.

The earlier EnglishJohn Florio’s “deceiving schoole-mistris” variant

The first English Montaigne, published in 1603, reads “For truly Custome is a violent and deceiving schoole-mistris” (Florio’s translation ↗). Same French sentence, different adjective — proof that “treacherous” belongs to whoever is doing the translating.

The rival modern version“Habit is a violent and treacherous schoolmistress” variant

A later English rendering swaps “custom” for “habit” and circulates widely on quote sites and blogs. The Goodreads entry ↗ names no book, edition or translator at all — it is the same French sentence in a different translator’s hand.

The citationBook I, Chapter XXII — or Chapter 23? numbering

Both are defensible. HyperEssays notes ↗ that it follows Marie de Gournay’s 1595 posthumous sequence and numbers the essay 22, while editions using the older 1580–1588 sequence call it 23. French Wikisource uses 23; the Cotton translation uses XXII.

The clipped formQuote sites that drop “For, in truth” trimming

Cotton’s sentence opens “For, in truth, custom is…” — the “for” ties it to the calf-and-ox anecdote immediately before it (Wikisource ↗). Cut loose as a standalone aphorism, it loses the argument it was the conclusion of.

Montaigne wrote the thought, in French, in “De la coustume” — a chapter of Book I of the Essais, first published in 1580. The exact English sentence everyone quotes is Charles Cotton’s, confirmed word for word in Project Gutenberg’s text of the Cotton translation ↗.

Context

Why the line lands

Montaigne is doing something sneakier than a proverb about bad habits. The whole essay argues that most of what we call natural is simply what we happen to be used to, and he backs it with a catalogue of foreign diets and manners so long and so strange — grasshoppers, lizards, a maid who lived on spiders — that the reader’s own certainties start to wobble.

That is why the schoolmistress is treacherous rather than merely strict. Custom teaches gently, the way the country-woman lifted the calf each morning; by the time it is a full-grown ox on your shoulders, you cannot remember choosing to carry it, and you no longer have the nerve to look up at what is teaching you.

She, by little and little, slily and unperceived, slips in the foot of her authority.

Two things worth knowing about the essay

Montaigne kept enlarging it. HyperEssays’ edition metadata tracks this chapter growing from about 2,196 words in the 1580 printing to roughly 4,063 in 1588 and 6,195 in the posthumous 1595 edition — the Essais were a book he rewrote by accretion rather than revision, which is part of why chapter numbering differs between editions.

Immediately after the schoolmistress line, Cotton’s text plants a Latin tag from Pliny: “Usus efficacissimus rerum omnium magister,” glossed in the same edition as “Custom is the best master of all things.” It is the identical claim with the menace taken out — and Montaigne clearly preferred his own version with the menace left in.

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The author

Who was Michel de Montaigne?

Michel de Montaigne

1533–1592 · French essayist, magistrate and mayor of Bordeaux

Michel de Montaigne (28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592) essentially invented the personal essay. A councillor in the courts, a courtier and mayor of Bordeaux, he is remembered instead for the Essais — short, subjective, first-person pieces that fold casual anecdote and autobiography into hard intellectual argument. First published in 1580 and enlarged until his death, the collection eventually ran to three books and 107 chapters of wildly varying length, and gave the essay its name.

For writers & researchers

Cite this

Primary source

Michel de Montaigne, “Of custom, and that we should not easily change a law received,” in Essays of Michel de Montaigne, Book I, chap. XXII, trans. Charles Cotton (1685–86), ed. William Carew Hazlitt (1877); Project Gutenberg ebook no. 3584.

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Quotle.info. “Who really said ‘Custom is a violent and treacherous schoolmistress’?” Last verified 7 Aug 2026. https://quotle.info/who-said/custom-is-a-violent-and-treacherous-schoolmistress/

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